ABSTRACT

Urogenital tuberculosis (TB) is an insidious disease that affects the kidneys, bladder, and genital organs, typically spreading hematogenously from a primary pulmonary focus. Patients frequently present with non-specific symptoms; sterile pyuria, persistent hematuria, irritative voiding symptoms, and infertility are the most common clinical findings. Due to the low sensitivity of conventional microbiological tests, diagnosis is often challenging, making radiological clues such as cavitations, fibrotic strictures, and abscess formations detected on computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasonography crucial for diagnosis. Although long-term standard anti-TB drug regimens form the primary line of treatment, interventions such as nephrectomy or reconstructive surgery become inevitable in the presence of medically refractory abscesses, persistent strictures, and severe organ damage (e.g., thimble bladder or a non-functioning kidney).