ABSTRACT

The spine forms via complex mechanisms requiring two halves of the body to join at midline. Dysraphism literally means incomplete fusion of the parts. Congenital malformations of the vertebrae and spinal cord are generally referred to as spinal dysraphisms. Proper identification of these complex anomalies is essential for correct patient management. Abnormalities occurring the embryonic period result in spinal dysraphisms. Although most congenital spinal malformations are present in the neonatal period, some (closed) may not be diagnosed until adulthood. Clinically, severe or open dysraphisms are easily detected. Severe dysraphisms, which also affect the development of the distal gastrointestinal and genitourinary systems and the lower extremities, are diagnosed quickly and may require urgent treatment to prevent complications. This review discusses embryology and classification for accurate reporting of congenital spinal malformations.