Abstract
The importance of radiological imaging techniques in the assessment of emergency patients is progressively increasing. Identifying the suitable imaging technique according to the patient’s initial diagnosis and executing it with the proper imaging protocol is the initial and possibly crucial phase in radiological diagnosis.
Keywords: Stroke, acute abdomen, trauma, triple rule-out protocol, acute mesenteric ischemia
References
Rudkin S, Cerejo R, Tayal A, Goldberg MF. Imaging of acute ischemic stroke. Emerg Radiol. 2018; 25: 659-72.
McDonough R, Ospel J, Goyal M. State of the art stroke imaging: a current perspective. Can Assoc Radiol J. 2022; 73: 371-83.
Pekçevik Y, Ovalı GY. İskemik inmede BT ve BT anjiyografi. Trd Sem. 2021; 9: 218-26.
Srinivasan A, Goyal M, Al Azri F, Lum C. State-of-the-art imaging of acute stroke. Radiographics. 2006; 26: 75-95.
Menon BK, d’Esterre CD, Qazi EM, Almekhlafi M, Hahn L, Demchuk AM, et al. Multiphase CT angiography: a new tool for the ımaging triage of patients with acute ischemic stroke. Radiology. 2015; 275: 510-20.
de Lucas EM, Sánchez E, Gutiérrez A, Mandly AG, Ruiz E, Flórez AF, et al. CT protocol for acute stroke: tips and tricks for general radiologists. Radiographics. 2008; 28: 1673-87.
Allmendinger AM, Tang ER, Lui YW, Spektor V. Imaging of stroke: Part 1, Perfusion CT--overview of imaging technique, interpretation pearls, and common pitfalls. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2012; 198: 52-62.
Gümeler E, Parlak Ş. İskemik inmede BT ve MR perfüzyon teknikleri. Trd Sem. 2021; 9: 242-57.
Schaefer PW, Grant PE, Gonzalez RG. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of the brain. Radiology. 2000; 217: 331-45.
Karaali K. Manyetik rezonans görüntüleme ve MR anjiyografi teknikleri. Trd Sem. 2021; 9: 227-41.
Tobcu E, Karavaş E, Çelik Aydın Ö, Topçu B. Ratio of incidentally detected brain tumors in diffusion magnetic resonance imaging scans performed in the emergency department on the suspicion of acute stroke. Curr Res MRI. 2023; 2: 59-62.
Allen LM, Hasso AN, Handwerker J, Farid H. Sequence-specific MR imaging findings that are useful in dating ischemic stroke. Radiographics. 2012; 32: 1285-99.
Hsu CC, Kwan GNC, Hapugoda S, Craigie M, Watkins TW, Haacke EM. Susceptibility weighted imaging in acute cerebral ischemia: review of emerging technical concepts and clinical applications. Neuroradiol J. 2017; 30: 109-19.
Gong Y, Cao C, Guo Y, Chang B, Sheng Z, Shen W, et al. Quantification of intracranial arterial stenotic degree evaluated by high-resolution vessel wall imaging and time-of-flight MR angiography: reproducibility, and diagnostic agreement with DSA. Eur Radiol. 2021; 31: 5479-89.
Sekhon LH, Fehlings MG. Epidemiology, demographics, and pathophysiology of acute spinal cord injury. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2001; 26(24 Suppl): 2-12.
Guarnieri G, Izzo R, Muto M. The role of emergency radiology in spinal trauma. Br J Radiol. 2016; 89: 20150833.
Yelamarthy PKK, Chhabra HS, Vaksha V, Agarwal Y, Agarwal A, Das K, et al. Radiological protocol in spinal trauma: literature review and Spinal Cord Society position statement. Eur Spine J. 2020; 29: 1197-211.
Tins BJ, Cassar-Pullicino VN. Imaging of acute cervical spine injuries: review and outlook. Clin Radiol. 2004; 59: 865-80.
Munera F, Rivas LA, Nunez DB Jr, Quencer RM. Imaging evaluation of adult spinal injuries: emphasis on multidetector CT in cervical spine trauma. Radiology. 2012; 263: 645-60.
Saltzherr TP, Fung Kon Jin PH, Beenen LF, Vandertop WP, Goslings JC. Diagnostic imaging of cervical spine injuries following blunt trauma: a review of the literature and practical guideline. Injury. 2009; 40: 795-800.
Balcı S, Onur MR. Acil radyolojide görüntüleme protokolleri. Trd Sem. 2016; 4: 178-97.
Looby S, Flanders A. Spine trauma. Radiol Clin North Am. 2011; 49: 129-63.
Daffner RH, Hackney DB. ACR appropriateness criteria on suspected spine trauma. J Am Coll Radiol. 2007; 4: 762-75.
Aydıngöz Ü, Yıldız AE, Ergen FB. Zero Echo Time Musculoskeletal MRI: technique, optimization, applications, and pitfalls. Radiographics. 2022; 42: 1398-414.
Wiesinger F, Ho ML. Zero-TE MRI: principles and applications in the head and neck. Br J Radiol. 2022; 95: 20220059.
Fujisaki A, Tsukamoto J, Narimatsu H, Hayashida Y, Todoroki Y, Hirano N, et al. Zero echo time magnetic resonance imaging; techniques and clinical utility in musculoskeletal system. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2024; 59 :32-42.
Yüce İ, Kantarcı M. Akut göğüs ağrısı. Trd Sem. 2016; 4: 263-71.
Durhan G, Akpınar MG. Toraks incelemelerinde ileri BT teknikleri ve protokolleri. Trd Sem. 2020; 8: 38-53.
Patel S, Kazerooni EA, Cascade PN. Pulmonary embolism: optimization of small pulmonary artery visualization at multi-detector row CT. Radiology. 2003; 227: 455-60.
Apfaltrer P, Sudarski S, Schneider D, Nance JW Jr, Haubenreisser H, Fink C, et al. Value of monoenergetic low-kV dual energy CT datasets for improved image quality of CT pulmonary angiography. Eur J Radiol. 2014; 83: 322-8.
Matsumoto K, Jinzaki M, Tanami Y, Ueno A, Yamada M, Kuribayashi S. Virtual monochromatic spectral imaging with fast kilovoltage switching: improved image quality as compared with that obtained with conventional 120-kVp CT. Radiology. 2011; 259: 257-62.
Yu L, Christner JA, Leng S, Wang J, Fletcher JG, McCollough CH. Virtual monochromatic imaging in dual-source dual-energy CT: radiation dose and image quality. Med Phys. 2011; 38: 6371-9.
Frauenfelder T, Appenzeller P, Karlo C, Scheffel H, Desbiolles L, Stolzmann P, et al. Triple rule-out CT in the emergency department: protocols and spectrum of imaging findings. Eur Radiol. 2009; 19: 789-99.
Halpern EJ. Triple-rule-out CT angiography for evaluation of acute chest pain and possible acute coronary syndrome. Radiology. 2009; 252: 332-45.
Takakuwa KM, Halpern EJ. Evaluation of a “triple rule-out” coronary CT angiography protocol: use of 64-Section CT in low-to-moderate risk emergency department patients suspected of having acute coronary syndrome. Radiology. 2008; 248: 438-46.
Cetin T, Kantarci M, Irgul B, Aydin S, Aydin F, Koseturk T, et al. Quadruple-rule-out computed tomography angiography (QRO-CT): a novel dual-energy computed tomography technique for the diagnostic work-up of acute chest pain. Diagnostics (Basel). 2023; 13: 2799.
Danad I, Ó Hartaigh B, Min JK. Dual-energy computed tomography for detection of coronary artery disease. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2015; 13: 1345-56.
Friedrich MG, Marcotte F. Cardiac magnetic resonance assessment of myocarditis. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013; 6: 833-9.
Aydin F, Kantarci M, Aydın S, Karavaş E, Ceyhun G, Ogul H, et al. COVID-19-related cardiomyopathy: can dual-energy computed tomography be a diagnostic tool?. World J Clin Cases. 2023; 11: 1031-9.
Oikonomou A, Prassopoulos P. CT imaging of blunt chest trauma. Insights Imaging. 2011; 2: 281-95.
Göya C, Hamidi C. Torasik Travma. Trd Sem. 2016; 4: 272-85.
Lewis BT, Herr KD, Hamlin SA, Henry T, Little BP, Naeger DM, et al. Imaging manifestations of chest trauma. Radiographics. 2021; 41: 1321-34.
Sarsılmaz A, Kocakoç E. Abdominal travma. Trd Sem. 2016; 4: 299-312.
Kim SJ, Ahn SJ, Choi SJ, Park DH, Kim HS, Kim JH. Optimal CT protocol for the diagnosis of active bleeding in abdominal trauma patients. Am J Emerg Med. 2019; 37: 1331-5.
Soto JA, Anderson SW. Multidetector CT of blunt abdominal trauma. Radiology. 2012; 265: 678-93.
Godt JC, Eken T, Schulz A, Johansen CK, Aarsnes A, Dormagen JB. Triple-split-bolus versus single-bolus CT in abdominal trauma patients: a comparative study. Acta Radiol. 2018; 59: 1038-44.
Poletti PA, Platon A, De Perrot T, Sarasin F, Andereggen E, Rutschmann O, et al. Acute appendicitis: prospective evaluation of a diagnostic algorithm integrating ultrasound and low-dose CT to reduce the need of standard CT. Eur Radiol. 2011; 21: 2558-66.
Gaitini D. Imaging acute appendicitis: state of the art. J Clin Imaging Sci. 2011; 1: 49.
Paulson EK, Coursey CA. CT protocols for acute appendicitis: time for change. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009; 193: 1268-71.
Keyzer C, Cullus P, Tack D, De Maertelaer V, Bohy P, Gevenois PA. MDCT for suspected acute appendicitis in adults: impact of oral and IV contrast media at standard-dose and simulated low-dose techniques. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009; 193: 1272-81.
Lee KS, Rofsky NM, Pedrosa I. Localization of the appendix at MR imaging during pregnancy: utility of the cecal tilt angle. Radiology. 2008; 249: 134-41.
Avanesov M, Weinrich JM, Kraus T, Derlin T, Adam G, Yamamura J, et al. MDCT of acute pancreatitis: intraindividual comparison of single-phase versus dual-phase MDCT for initial assessment of acute pancreatitis using different CT scoring systems. Eur J Radiol. 2016; 85: 2014-22.
Porter KK, Zaheer A, Kamel IR, Horowitz JM, Arif-Tiwari H, Bartel TB, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Acute Pancreatitis. J Am Coll Radiol. 2019; 16: 316-30.
Burrowes DP, Choi HH, Rodgers SK, Fetzer DT, Kamaya A. Utility of ultrasound in acute pancreatitis. Abdom Radiol (NY). 2020; 45: 1253-64.
Türkvatan A, Erden A, Türkoğlu MA, Seçil M, Yener Ö. Imaging of acute pancreatitis and its complications. Part 1: acute pancreatitis. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2015; 96: 151-60.
Kwon Y, Park HS, Kim YJ, Jung SI, Jeon HJ. Multidetector row computed tomography of acute pancreatitis: utility of single portal phase CT scan in short-term follow up. Eur J Radiol. 2012; 81: 1728-34.
Garzelli L, Nuzzo A, Copin P, Calame P, Corcos O, Vilgrain V, et al. Contrast-enhanced CT for the diagnosis of acute mesenteric ischemia. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2020; 215: 29-38.
Mastoraki A, Mastoraki S, Tziava E, Touloumi S, Krinos N, Danias N, et al. Mesenteric ischemia: pathogenesis and challenging diagnostic and therapeutic modalities. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. 2016; 7: 125-30.
Kanasaki S, Furukawa A, Fumoto K, Hamanaka Y, Ota S, Hirose T, et al. Acute mesenteric ischemia: multidetector CT findings and endovascular management. Radiographics. 2018; 38: 945-61.
Olson MC, Bach CR, Wells ML, Andrews JC, Khandelwal A, Welle CL, et al. Imaging of bowel ischemia: an update, from the AJR special series on emergency radiology. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2023; 220: 173-85.
Ginsburg M, Obara P, Lambert DL, Hanley M, Steigner ML, Camacho MA, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® imaging of mesenteric ischemia. J Am Coll Radiol. 2018; 15: 332-40.
Hızal M, Akpınar E. Akut abdomen. Trd Sem. 2016; 4: 286-98.
Hagspiel KD, Flors L, Hanley M, Norton PT. Computed tomography angiography and magnetic resonance angiography imaging of the mesenteric vasculature. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol. 2015; 18: 2-13.
Jo PC, Cabral FC, Sahin A, Camacho A, Brook A, Brook OR. Split-bolus single scan CTA for evaluation of mesenteric ischemia. Abdom Radiol (NY). 2018; 43: 1368-78.
Levine J, Neitlich J, Smith RC. The value of prone scanning to distinguish ureterovesical junction stones from ureteral stones that have passed into the bladder: leave no stone unturned. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1999; 172: 977-81.
Cheng PM, Moin P, Dunn MD, Boswell WD, Duddalwar VA. What the radiologist needs to know about urolithiasis: part 1--pathogenesis, types, assessment, and variant anatomy. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2012; 198: 540-7.
Taourel P, Kessler N, Lesnik A, Blayac PM, Morcos L, Bruel JM. Non-traumatic abdominal emergencies: imaging of acute intestinal obstruction. Eur Radiol. 2002; 12: 2151-60.
Tobcu E, Özcan H, Karavaş E, Topçu B. Foreign body ingestion: a case of wine-cork ingestion due to chronic alcoholism leading to ileus. Acta Radiol Open. 2024; 13: 20584601241258686.
Karavas E, Ece B, Aydın S, Kocak M, Cosgun Z, Bostanci IE, et al. Are we aware of radiation: a study about necessity of diagnostic X-ray exposure. World J Methodol. 2022; 12: 264-73.
