Abstract
The rise in cancer diagnoses, attributed to the increasing elderly population and advancements in oncology, is accompanied by a corresponding increase in oncological emergencies. Certain oncological emergencies necessitate imaging studies for diagnosis, making familiarity with imaging findings crucial for radiologists.
Keywords: Cancer, multidetector computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonography
References
Mattiuzzi C, Lippi G. Current cancer epidemiology. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2019; 9: 217-222.
Siegel R, Naishadham D, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin. 2012; 62: 10-29.
Iacobellis F, Perillo A, Iadevito I, Tanga M, Romano L, Grassi R, et al. Imaging of oncologic emergencies. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 2018; 39: 151-66.
Katabathina VS, Restrepo CS, Betancourt Cuellar SL, Riascos RF, Menias CO. Imaging of oncologic emergencies: what every radiologist should know. Radiographics. 2013; 33: 1533-53.
Lewis MA, Hendrickson AW, Moynihan TJ. Oncologic emergencies: pathophysiology, presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. CA Cancer J Clin. 2011; 61: 287-314.
Bosscher MR, van Leeuwen BL, Hoekstra HJ. Mortality in emergency surgical oncology. Ann Surg Oncol. 2015; 22: 1577-84.
Higdon ML, Higdon JA. Treatment of oncologic emergencies. Am Fam Physician. 2006; 74: 1873-80.
Dormagen JB, Verma N, Fink KR. Imaging in oncologic emergencies. Semin Roentgenol. 2020; 55: 95-114.
Rao A, Parampalli R. Role of MDCT as an effective imaging tool in detection of complications amongst oncological patients in a tertiary care oncology institute. Emerg Radiol. 2019; 26: 283-94.
Pooyan A, Mansoori B, Wang C. Imaging of abdominopelvic oncologic emergencies. Abdom Radiol (NY). 2024; 49: 823-41.
Fogante M, Marcucci M, Tagliati C Thoracic and abdominal oncological emergencies in radiology. EJMA. 2022; 2: 23-9.
Hsu J, Donnelly JP, Moore JX, Meneses K, Williams G, Wang HE. National characteristics of emergency department visits by patients with cancer in the United States. Am J Emerg Med. 2018; 36: 2038-43.
Katabathina VS, Restrepo CS, Martinez-Jimenez S, Riascos RF. Nonvascular, nontraumatic mediastinal emergencies in adults: a comprehensive review of imaging findings. Radiographics. 2011; 31: 1141-60.
Otoni JC, Noschang J, Okamoto TY, Vieira DR, Petry MS, de Araujo Ramos L, et al. Role of computed tomography at a cancer center emergency department. Emerg Radiol. 2017; 24: 113-7.
Cascino TL. Neurologic complications of systemic cancer. Med Clin North Am. 1993; 77: 265-78.
Smedby KE, Brandt L, Bäcklund ML, Blomqvist P. Brain metastases admissions in Sweden between 1987 and 2006. Br J Cancer. 2009; 101: 1919-24.
Tadevosyan A, Kornbluth J. Brain herniation and intracranial hypertension. Neurol Clin. 2021; 39: 293-318.
Koenig MA, Bryan M, Lewin JL 3rd, Mirski MA, Geocadin RG, Stevens RD. Reversal of transtentorial herniation with hypertonic saline. Neurology. 2008; 70: 1023-9.
Lin AL, Avila EK. Neurologic emergencies in the patients with cancer. J Intensive Care Med. 2017; 32: 99-115.
Suarez-Meade P, Marenco-Hillembrand L, Sherman WJ. Neuro-oncologic emergencies. Curr Oncol Rep. 2022; 24: 975-84.
Lamba N, Fick T, Nandoe Tewarie R, Broekman ML. Management of hydrocephalus in patients with leptomeningeal metastases: an ethical approach to decision-making. J Neurooncol. 2018; 140: 5-13.
Prabhu SP, Young-Poussaint T. Pediatric central nervous system emergencies. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 2010; 20: 663-83.
Rekate HL. A contemporary definition and classification of hydrocephalus. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2009; 16: 9-15.
Giglio P, Gilbert MR. Neurologic complications of cancer and its treatment. Curr Oncol Rep. 2010; 12: 50-9.
Chamberlain MC. Neoplastic meningitis. Oncologist. 2008; 13: 967-77.
McCurdy MT, Shanholtz CB. Oncologic emergencies. Crit Care Med. 2012; 40: 2212-22.
Traylor KS, Kralik SF, Radhakrishnan R. Pediatric Spine Emergencies. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 2018; 39: 605-17.
Gaunt T, D’Arco F, Smets AM, McHugh K, Shelmerdine SC. Emergency imaging in paediatric oncology: a pictorial review. Insights Imaging. 2019; 10: 120.
Ostrowski RP, He Z, Pucko EB, Matyja E. Hemorrhage in brain tumor-an unresolved issue. Brain Hemorrhages. 2022,3(2): 98-102.
Broniscer A, Laningham FH, Kocak M, Krasin MJ, Fouladi M, Merchant TE, et al. Intratumoral hemorrhage among children with newly diagnosed, diffuse brainstem glioma. Cancer. 2006; 106: 1364-71.
Burth S, Ohmann M, Kronsteiner D, Kieser M, Löw S, Riedemann L, et al. Prophylactic anticoagulation in patients with glioblastoma or brain metastases and atrial fibrillation: an increased risk for intracranial hemorrhage? J Neurooncol. 2021; 152: 483-90.
Zhao W, Yang Z, Chen LA. [Etiological diagnosis and treatment of central airway obstruction: report of 40 cases and review of the literature]. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi. 2011; 34: 590-4.
Garey CL, Laituri CA, Valusek PA, St Peter SD, Snyder CL. Management of anterior mediastinal masses in children. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2011; 21: 310-3.
Quint LE. Thoracic complications and emergencies in oncologic patients. Cancer Imaging. 2009; 9 Spec No A: S75-82.
Hoppe H, Dinkel HP, Thoeny H, Gugger M, Vock P. Virtuelle Endoskopie der oberen, zentralen und peripheren Atemwege mit Mehrzeilen-Spiral-CT [Virtual endoscopy of the upper, central and peripheral airways with multirow detector CT]. Radiologe. 2002; 42: 703-11.
Chen K, Varon J, Wenker OC. Malignant airway obstruction: recognition and management. J Emerg Med. 1998; 16: 83-92.
Balazs A, Kupcsulik PK, Galambos Z. Esophagorespiratory fistulas of tumorous origin. Non-operative management of 264 cases in a 20-year period. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2008; 34: 1103-7.
Shin JH, Song HY, Ko GY, Lim JO, Yoon HK, Sung KB. Esophagorespiratory fistula: long-term results of palliative treatment with covered expandable metallic stents in 61 patients. Radiology. 2004; 232: 252-9.
Balazs A, Galambos Z, Kupcsulik PK. Characteristics of esophagorespiratory fistulas resulting from esophageal cancers: a single-center study on 243 cases in a 20-year period. World J Surg. 2009; 33: 994-1001.
Diamond M, Ruiz-Mesa C, Corrales-Medina FF, Tamariz LJ, Ziga E, Swaminathan S. Incidence and outcome of pericardial effusion in pediatric patients after hematopoietic stem cell transplant: a single-institution experience. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2018; 40: 132-6.
Ashraf T, Day TG, Marek J, Hughes M, Giardini A. A triad: cardiac rhabdomyosarcoma, stroke and tamponade. Pediatr Cardiol. 2013; 34: 771-3.
Refaat MM, Katz WE. Neoplastic pericardial effusion. Clin Cardiol. 2011; 34: 593-8.
Appleton C, Gillam L, Koulogiannis K. Cardiac tamponade. Cardiol Clin. 2017; 35: 525-37.
Storto ML, Di Credico A, Guido F, Larici AR, Bonomo L. Incidental detection of pulmonary emboli on routine MDCT of the chest. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005; 184: 264-7.
Gladish GW, Choe DH, Marom EM, Sabloff BS, Broemeling LD, Munden RF. Incidental pulmonary emboli in oncology patients: prevalence, CT evaluation, and natural history. Radiology. 2006; 240: 246-55.
Roberts KE, Hamele-Bena D, Saqi A, Stein CA, Cole RP. Pulmonary tumor embolism: a review of the literature. Am J Med. 2003; 115: 228-32.
Kang DK, Thilo C, Schoepf UJ, Barraza JM Jr, Nance JW Jr, Bastarrika G, et al. CT signs of right ventricular dysfunction: prognostic role in acute pulmonary embolism. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011; 4: 841-9.
Rivera-Lebron B, McDaniel M, Ahrar K, Alrifai A, Dudzinski DM, Fanola C, et al. Diagnosis, treatment and follow up of acute pulmonary embolism: consensus practice from the PERT consortium. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2019; 25: 1076029619853037.
Wilson LD, Detterbeck FC, Yahalom J. Clinical practice. Superior vena cava syndrome with malignant causes. N Engl J Med. 2007; 356: 1862-9.
Eren S, Karaman A, Okur A. The superior vena cava syndrome caused by malignant disease. Imaging with multi-detector row CT. Eur J Radiol. 2006; 59: 93-103.
Yu JB, Wilson LD, Detterbeck FC. Superior vena cava syndrome--a proposed classification system and algorithm for management. J Thorac Oncol. 2008; 3: 811-4.
Sheth S, Ebert MD, Fishman EK. Superior vena cava obstruction evaluation with MDCT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010; 194: W336-46.
Wang GR, Ensor JE, Gupta S, Hicks ME, Tam AL. Bronchial artery embolization for the management of hemoptysis in oncology patients: utility and prognostic factors. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2009; 20: 722-9.
Panos RJ, Barr LF, Walsh TJ, Silverman HJ. Factors associated with fatal hemoptysis in cancer patients. Chest. 1988; 94: 1008-13.
Marquis KM, Raptis CA, Rajput MZ, Steinbrecher KL, Henry TS, Rossi SE, et al. CT for Evaluation of Hemoptysis. Radiographics. 2021; 41: 742-61.
Camargo Jde J, Camargo SM, Machuca TN, Bello RM. Large pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm due to lung carcinoma: pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm. J Thorac Imaging. 2010; 25: W4-5.
Khalil A, Fartoukh M, Parrot A, Bazelly B, Marsault C, Carette MF. Impact of MDCT angiography on the management of patients with hemoptysis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010; 195: 772-8.
Yıldız AE, Arıyürek OM, Akpınar E, Peynircioğlu B, Çil BE. Multidetector CT of bronchial and non-bronchial systemic arteries. Diagn Interv Radiol. 2011; 17: 10-7.
Noë GD, Jaffé SM, Molan MP. CT and CT angiography in massive haemoptysis with emphasis on pre-embolization assessment. Clin Radiol. 2011; 66: 869-75.
Davidson K, Shojaee S. Managing Massive Hemoptysis. Chest. 2020; 157: 77-88.
Heller MT, Khanna V. Cross-sectional imaging of acute abdominal conditions in the oncologic patient. Emerg Radiol. 2011; 18: 417-28.
Lubner M, Menias C, Rucker C, Bhalla S, Peterson CM, Wang L, et al. Blood in the belly: CT findings of hemoperitoneum. Radiographics. 2007; 27: 109-25.
Tirumani SH, Ojili V, Gunabushanam G, Chintapalli KN, Ryan JG, Reinhold C. MDCT of abdominopelvic oncologic emergencies. Cancer Imaging. 2013; 13: 238-52.
Ripamonti CI, Easson AM, Gerdes H. Management of malignant bowel obstruction. Eur J Cancer. 2008; 44: 1105-15.
Silva AC, Pimenta M, Guimarães LS. Small bowel obstruction: what to look for. Radiographics. 2009; 29: 423-39.
Ara C, Coban S, Kayaalp C, Yilmaz S, Kirimlioglu V. Spontaneous intestinal perforation due to non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: evaluation of eight cases. Dig Dis Sci. 2007; 52: 1752-6.
Hainaux B, Agneessens E, Bertinotti R, De Maertelaer V, Rubesova E, Capelluto E, et al. Accuracy of MDCT in predicting site of gastrointestinal tract perforation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006; 187: 1179-83.
Rha SE, Ha HK, Lee SH, Kim JH, Kim JK, Kim JH, et al. CT and MR imaging findings of bowel ischemia from various primary causes. Radiographics. 2000; 20: 29-42.
Kumar A, Muir MT, Cohn SM, Salhanick MA, Lankford DB, Katabathina VS. The etiology of pneumoperitoneum in the 21 st century. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012; 73: 542-8.
Allen DJ, Longhorn SE, Philp T, Smith RD, Choong S. Percutaneous urinary drainage and ureteric stenting in malignant disease. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2010; 22: 733-9.
Silverman SG, Leyendecker JR, Amis ES Jr. What is the current role of CT urography and MR urography in the evaluation of the urinary tract? Radiology. 2009; 250: 309-23.
Shah M, Blest F, Blackmur J, Laird A, Dawson S, Aning J. Malignant upper urinary tract obstruction in cancer patients: a systematic review. BJUI Compass. 2024; 5: 405-16.
Golabek T, Szymanska A, Szopinski T, Bukowczan J, Furmanek M, Powroznik J, et al. Enterovesical fistulae: aetiology, imaging, and management. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2013; 2013: 617967.
Torrisi JM, Schwartz LH, Gollub MJ, Ginsberg MS, Bosl GJ, Hricak H. CT findings of chemotherapy-induced toxicity: what radiologists need to know about the clinical and radiologic manifestations of chemotherapy toxicity. Radiology. 2011; 258: 41-56.
Kwek JW, Iyer RB, Dunnington J, Faria S, Silverman PM. Spectrum of imaging findings in the abdomen after radiotherapy. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006; 187: 1204-11.
Eastridge BJ, Lefor AT. Complications of indwelling venous access devices in cancer patients. J Clin Oncol. 1995; 13: 233-8.


